Power, Knowledge, and Covid-19: The Making of a Scientific Orthodoxy

Delighted to announce the publication of this book, available open access here:
https://www.routledge.com/Power-Knowledge-and-Covid-19-The-Making-of-a-Scientific-Orthodoxy/Broadbent-Streicher/p/book/9781041224822

This book is an attempt to make sense of what happened at the science-policy interface during the Covid-19 pandemic. It asks not only what scientific claims were made, but how certain positions came to acquire exceptional authority, to stand for “the science”, and to shape policy on that basis. Through a series of case studies on modelling, lockdowns, masks, vaccines, dissent, and the politics of “following the science”, it argues that a scientific orthodoxy emerged during the pandemic.

A scientific orthodoxy is a dynamic arising at the science-policy interface in which some parts of science come to stand for the whole, and to wield outsized authority. The book analyses scientific orthodoxy into five elements: methodological rigidity, scientific dogma, suppression of dissent, illegitimate indirect political authority, and scientific injustice. For each, it offers a set of criteria – or tests – and shows how they were satisfied during the pandemic. The aim is not retrospective score-settling, but explanation: to understand clearly enough what happened that similar failures might be avoided in future crises.

The book’s approach aligns closely with CPEMPH’s commitment to philosophically serious, empirically engaged inquiry into questions in epidemiology, medicine, and public health that matter beyond the academy. It also reflects an international partnership. One of its distinctive features is that it does not treat Covid-19 simply as a story about Britain or the United States. It draws on material from a range of settings and argues that one-size-fits-all scientific and policy frameworks often obscured local realities, especially in lower-resource contexts. Global South perspectives are not an optional supplement to the analysis, but part of what makes better sense of the pandemic possible.

The wider questions raised here extend well beyond Covid-19. How should expertise function in emergencies? What happens when scientific disagreement is narrowed too quickly? Under what conditions does scientific advice properly guide policy, and under what conditions does it harden into something more like orthodoxy? These are not questions confined to one pandemic. They are likely to recur wherever scientific authority and political decision-making converge under pressure.

Power, Knowledge, and Covid-19 is published by Routledge. Its open-access publication was supported by the Discovery Research Platform for Medical Humanities at Durham, funded by Wellcome.

Announcing ‘The Philosophy of Public Health’ by Benjamin Smart

It is a delight to share the publication of The Philosophy of Public Health by CPEMPH co-Director, Professor Benjamin Smart of the University of Johannesburg. This is an important and timely book which exemplifies the best of applied philosophical thinking: it identifies deep conceptual problems that arise in real-world contexts, and uses rigorous philosophical tools to reach conclusions that can guide public health practice.

At its core, the book develops a powerful account of health as a property of complex systems. Rather than treating health as a feature of isolated organs or discrete individuals, Ben argues that health is an emergent, capacities-dependent property instantiated at multiple biological and social levels: cells, organs, organisms, and—crucially—populations. This move allows him to dissolve familiar puzzles about “population health” and to provide a framework that aligns far more closely with what public health professionals actually confront.

A second major contribution concerns the goal of public health. Ben rejects the simplistic idea that public health should merely raise aggregated individual health scores, noting that such metrics neglect inequality, autonomy, and the broader social determinants of health. Instead, he argues that public health should aim to increase the capacities that matter for individuals’ ability to realise the goods of life—capacities that range from access to clean water and functioning healthcare systems, to education, mobility, and the structural conditions required for dignified living.

The book also provides a philosophically grounded defence of Evidence-Based Public Health that is sensitive to context, values, and the limitations of traditional hierarchies of evidence. Ben engages seriously with recent failures in global pandemic response, arguing for a more nuanced and context-aware understanding of what it means to “follow the science”.

In the final chapters, he turns to ethics and the question of decolonising public health, offering a principled but pragmatic framework for navigating public health decision-making across profoundly unequal societies. Throughout, the book is shaped by his decade of experience living and working in South Africa, but its arguments travel far beyond this context.

The result is a work that will influence both philosophers and practitioners. It is a rare example of philosophy that is simultaneously conceptually rigorous, policy-relevant, and deeply humane. I could not be more pleased to see it in print, and I recommend it warmly to anyone working in public health, philosophy of medicine, or the conceptual foundations of health policy.

Congratulations, Ben. 

Philosophy of Medicine Roundtable 9-10 May 2024

Registration is free but required. Register here

Going online for the first time, the latest instalment of the Roundtable brings together over fifty speakers from six continents to present the latest philosophical thinking on topics including:

  • Medicine and artificial intelligence
  • Ageing
  • Nature of health
  • Classification of disease
  • Disability and neurodiversity studies
  • Epistemic injustice in medicine
  • Medical research
  • Epidemiology
  • Population health
  • Social justice in medicine

…and many more.

Keynote speakers

  • Sandro Galea, Robert A. Knox professor and dean at the Boston University School of Public Health
  • Maël Lemoine, Professor of Philosophy and leader of the ImmunoConcept project at Bordeaux University
  • Jerome Wakefield, Professor at NYU Silver as well as an NYU University Professor with multidisciplinary appointments
  • Sarah Wieten, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Durham University

Programme

Abstracts

Publications

Selected papers from the conference will be published in a special section of Philosophy of Medicine.

Hosts

The event is hosted by the Centre for Philosophy of Epidemiology, Medicine, and Public Health, a joint enterprise between Durham University’s Institute for Medical Humanities and the University of Johannesburg’s Faculty of Humanities.

About the Roundtable

The International Philosophy of Medicine Roundtable is an open group of philosophers, clinicians, epidemiologists, social scientists, statisticians, bioethicists, and anyone else with an interest in epistemological and ontological issues connected with medicine.

Registration for this conference is free but required. Register here

Great piece from @JonathanJFuller ‘What’s Missing in Pandemic Models: Philosophy is needed to put the science of COVID-19 in perspective.’ In @NautilusMag #epitwitter

http://nautil.us/issue/84/outbreak/whats-missing-in-pandemic-models

Jonathan Fuller writes: “In the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous models are being used to predict the future. But as helpful as they are, they cannot make sense of themselves. They rely on epidemiologists and other modelers to interpret them. Trouble is, making predictions in a pandemic is also a philosophical exercise. We need to think about hypothetical worlds, causation, evidence, and the relationship between models and reality.”

Read more…